Health Impacts of Climate Change

                               The Health Threats of Climate Change

Health Impacts of Climate Change:
Changes in the greenhouse gas concentrations and other drivers alter the global climate and bring about myriad human health consequences. Environmental consequences of climate change are such as extreme heat waves, rising sea-levels, changes in precipitation resulting in flooding and droughts, intense hurricanes, and degraded air quality, affect directly and indirectly the physical, social, and psychological health of humans.  For instance, changes in precipitation are creating changes in the availability and quantity of water, as well as resulting in extreme weather events such as intense hurricanes and flooding.  Climate change can be a driver of disease migration, as well as exacerbate health effects resulting from the release of toxic air pollutants in vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and those with asthma or cardiovascular disease.
Certain adverse health effects can be minimized or avoided with sound mitigation and adaptation strategies. Strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change can prevent illness and death in people now, while also protecting the environment and health of future generations.  Mitigation refers to actions being taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance the sinks that trap or remove carbon from the atmosphere. Adaptation refers to actions being taken to lessen the impact on health and the environment due to changes that cannot be prevented through mitigation. Appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies will positively affect both climate change and the environment, and thereby positively affect human health. Some adaptation activities will directly improve human health through changes in our public health and health care infrastructure.
Health Impacts
Climate change is expected to affect air quality through several pathways, including production and allergenicity of allergens and increase regional concentrations of ozone, fine particles, and dust. Some of these pollutants can directly cause respiratory disease or exacerbate existing conditions in susceptible populations, such as children or the elderly. Some of the impacts that climate change can have on air quality include:
·         Increase ground level ozone and fine particle concentrations, which can trigger a variety of reactions including chest pains, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion, as well as reduce lung function and cause inflammation of the lungs
·         Increase carbon dioxide concentrations and temperatures, thereby affecting the timing of aeroallergen distribution and amplifying the allergenicity of pollen and mold spores
·         Increase the frequency of droughts, leading to increased dust and particulate matter
Adaptation and Mitigation
·         Mitigating short-lived contamination species that both air pollutants and green house gases, such as ozone or black carbon. Examples include urban tree covers or rooftop gardens in urban settings
·         Decreasing the use of vehicle miles traveled to reduce ozone precursors
·         Utilizing alternative transportation options, such as walking or biking, which have the co-benefit of reducing emissions while increasing cardiovascular fitness and contributing to weight loss.  However, these activities also have the potential to increase exposure to harmful outdoor air pollutants, particularly in urban areas.
Heat-Related Morbidity and Mortality
Prolonged exposure to extreme heat can cause heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat stroke, and death, as well as exacerbate preexisting chronic conditions, such as various respiratory, cerebral, and cardiovascular diseases.  These serious health consequences usually affect more vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and those with existing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.  Socioeconomic factors, such as economically disadvantaged and socially isolated individuals, are also at risk from heat-related burdens.  As global temperatures rise and extreme heat events increase in frequency due to climate change we can expect to see more heat-related illnesses and mortality.  Public health systems need to be prepared for extreme events and responses will demand a concerted effort among the public health community, the medical establishment, emergency responses teams, the housing authority, and law enforcement in order to quickly identify and serve the populations vulnerable to extreme heat events.

Health Impacts
·         Increased temperatures and increase in extreme heat events cause heat exhausting, heat stroke, and death, especially in vulnerable populations.
·         High concentrations of buildings in urban areas cause urban heat island effect, generation and absorbing heat, making the urban center several degrees warmer than surrounding areas.
Mitigation and Adaptation
·         Heat early warning systems and proactive heat wave response plans
·         Increased air conditioning use
·         Decreased time spent outdoors during extreme heat events
·         Increased use of sun-shielding clothing

Vector borne Diseases
Vector borne diseases are infectious diseases whose transmission involves animal hosts or vectors.  Vector borne diseases, such as malaria, are those in which an organism, typically insects, ticks, or mites, carry a pathogen from one host to another, generally with increased harmfulness (virulence) of the pathogen in the vector. Vector borne diseases that are found in warmer climates and vulnerable due to global trade and travel.
Health Impacts
·         Changes in temperature and precipitation directly affect Vector borne diseases through pathogen-host interaction, and indirectly through ecosystem changes and species composition.
·         As temperatures increases vectors can spread into new areas that were previously too cold. For example, two mosquito vectors that carry malaria are now found at the U.S.-Mexico border.

Mitigation and Adaptation
·         Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to influence local ecological environment, thereby altering the life cycles of certain disease vectors and animals
·         Preserving forests and wetlands to affect ecology and transmission cycles
·         Developing and implementing early warning systems to reduce exposure to environmental hazards and limit susceptibility in exposed populations

The Lottery

                                         The Lottery

     
Throughout history, certain traditions and rituals have been able to dictate human behavior, even to the point where the person loses his sense of morality. The "lottery" of Shirley Jackson tells us the story of a small American city that was founded in the old half of the twentieth century. Outside, this colony seems pretty normal. He had about 300 people, most of whom were peasants. The chief of the post, Mr. Graves, was the chief of the city, only by Mr. Summers, who owned the local coal companies. But despite the picturesque atmosphere, this misleading quiet city has a unique place. Every year, on June 27th, a lottery is organized in the city. Despite the spelling, this lottery wins the individual far from being happy. This lottery, in which every member of the city must participate, determines which person is stoned by his fellow citizens. This horrible act is the result of a ritual that has been incorporated into society in previous generations. The inhabitants of the village had long forgotten the importance, the most details and the original intention of this ritual. She only remembered every June 27th, they wanted to have a lottery for the whole city, and brutally murdered the winner.

Perhaps one of the most powerful characteristics of tradition is its ability to evoke persistence among its followers. By the inhabitants of the city they were not interested in changing the smallest detail of the lottery. If Mr. Summers suggested having a new crate, because the flow had worsened a lot, the citizens refused to be unhappy because the crate should be made with pieces of the original crate, which was used when the the first settlers of the city lived in the area. Even in its climatic condition, this black box was a symbol of the impending Doom city, which awaited an unfortunate person each year. The villagers were also very reluctant to move out of wooden blocks to paper containers as a means of drawing for the lottery. However, with much perseverance from Mr. Summers, the Village people finally admitted because the city was grown too big for each piece of wood to fit into the crate. The villagers were also persistent in the electoral procedures of lottery tickets. Only in the rarest cases was a woman allowed to choose the film for her family; It was usual to work the husband, or a son who was old. This is shown when Jane Dunbar husband was unable to attend the lottery because of a broken leg. It was very obvious that Jane felt out of the place when she pulled out her ticket. The Watson family had the chance to have a son who was old enough to attract his father. The crowd favors this much more than a woman's drawing, as she was told to be glad to see that her mother has a husband to do it. The villagers were also very persistent that the lottery was still a tradition in the community. The lottery was so rooted in its culture that those who do not practise it were not civilians. The old man Warner compared the abolition of the lottery with life in the caves and refusal of work. The surrounding villages, which chose the lottery, were also called "pack of Young Fools". The old man Warner represents the pious followers of a tradition. Although they are not looking for leadership positions, they are determined that if things are practiced in any way over a longer period of time, then this should not be changed. The old man Warner was annoyed by the fact that Mr. Summers was comfortable with the residents as they went out for his lottery ticket because he believed it was inappropriate for the lottery, which was not held in a strict manner. He was also irritated by the concern of the Friends of Nancy Hutchinson in considering that she was the winner. Grace and compassion apparently had no place in the lottery.



The second and most important characteristic of this ritual is its dehumanizing effect. The winner of this lottery is stoned by his own city. Friends and family show extreme cruelty by making the blood thirst amount to stone one of their own. A few moments before the start of the lottery, Mrs. Hutchinson had a friendly conversation with Mrs. Delacroix. However, when Mrs. Hutchinson had been declared the winner of the lottery, all the previous illusions of friendship between the two had been extinguished. Mrs. Delacroix ran to her with the greatest stone she could find excited to kill the likelihood that, just the day before, she would have called friend. As troubling as it may be, it's not as confusing as betrayal among family members. It is clear that these families had no love for each other. Rather, they were just on each other as farmers who would reduce the likelihood that they chose for the lottery. The last words of Mr. Hutchinson to his wife were "shut up, Tesse." Mrs. Hutchinson, when she sees the opportunity to be elected, immediately tries to lessen her chances by asking her married daughter to also choose. Their children, instead of expressing their horror at their impending death, show pure cheer when they see their lives saved. Towards the end of the story, children and adults join the stoning of Mrs. Hutchinson. Even little Dave, who might have been as young as five years old, got pebbles to throw his mother. This shows the sensitization of the murder as the implants of the city in the youth. From the moment they can go, children are taught to join the murder of a person, either someone they do not know, or a member of their own family.


This short story illustrates how tradition has the power to influence our lives in such a way that we lose the ability to know what is right and wrong. These people were conditioned to kill a person every year, simply because it was the way it was always done. Although there are also favorable aspects of the ritual, they are not represented in short history. Jackson made a clear effort to show the reader how dangerous tradition can be.

DR. VIJAY BHATKAR

                                  DR. VIJAY BHATKAR


Dr. Vijay Bhatkar, The architect of India’s Information Technological revolution. Information technology has made the world smaller. The press of a button opens before us a vast ocean of information on innumerable subjects and domains. This dream became a reality in India through the efforts of Dr. Vijay Bhatkar, a computer scientist. He is the creator of India’s indigenous super computer.

Dr. K. R. Narayanan had suggested the name of Dr. Bhatkar for realizing the dream of the late Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, of indigenously building a supercomputer. Dr. Bhatkar did not let him down. Out of this inspiration was formed the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) and the development of Param, India’s first supercomputer.

Dr. Bhatkar was born on 11 October, 1946 in Muramba in Akola district (near Murtijapur) to a highly educated couple. He completed his schooling in Murtijapur in a school established by Saint Gadgebaba. He was in the merit list of the board exams and acquired his degree in engineering at the age of 18. He acquired his M.Tech from the Sayajirao University in Baroda and then got his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi at the age of 26.
He worked for many years in the electronics domain as the Director of Celtron. Through this company, he worked on many major computerization projects which included the Kolkata metro project, traffic management in metros, defence projects for the Defence as well as several government departments, electricity control etc. He was also a member of the scientific advisory committee for the central government. Later, at CDAC, he helped develop GIST, the multilingual technology because of which software could be used in various Indian languages.
As immersed as he is in science and technology, his interests also span diverse subjects like Indian culture, Vedas, Upanishads and saint literature and spirituality. Inspired by the thoughts of Swami Vivekananda, he left CDAC to involve himself in the Education to Home project which aims to make education more accessible to the students.
He was bestowed with many awards while handling posts on national and international level. The central government awarded him the Padmashri and the Maharashtra government awarded him the Maharashtra Bhushan award. He has written more than seventy research papers and has authored eight books.
Influenced by the ideologies of Saint Gadgebaba at a young age, he strives today to find a balance between science and spirituality. Wanting all the religious centres in India to be centres of knowledge too, he has started to work on this project from Alandi.
Dr. Bhatkar is still proficiently active today, at the same time studying European cultures and working towards his spiritual quests too. He is also a role model for the youth in India.

SUDHA MURTHY

                                                         SUDHA MURTHY
Sudha Murthy is an Indian social worker and author. Murthy began her professional career as a computer scientist and engineer. She is the chairperson of the Infosys Foundation and a member of public health care initiatives of the Gates Foundation. She has founded several orphanages, participated in rural development efforts, supported the movement to provide all Karnataka government schools with computer and library facilities, and established the 'The Murthy Classical Library of India' at Harvard University. Murthy also teaches computer science and composes fiction. Dollar Sose (English: Dollar Daughter-in-Law), a novel originally authored by her in Kannada and later translated into English as Dollar Bahu, in 2001. Murthy has also acted in Marathi film Pitruroon and Kannada film Prarthana.

 
EARLY LIFE
Sudha Murthy was born on 19 August 1950, in Shiggaon in northern Karnataka, India. The daughter of a famous surgeon Dr. R.H. Kulkarni, Murty and her siblings were raised by her parents and maternal grandparents. These childhood experiences form the historical basis for her first notable work entitled ‘How I Taught my Grandmother to Read & Other Stories’. Two institutions of higher learning, the H.R. Kadim Diwan Building housing the Computer Science & Engineering (CSE) department at IIT Kanpur and the Narayan Rao Melgiri Memorial National Law Library at NLSIU, were both endowed and inaugurated by the Infosys Foundation.
Murthy completed B.E. in Electrical Engineering from the B.V.B. College of Engineering & Technology, standing first in her class and receiving a gold medal from the Chief Minister of Karnataka. Thereafter, she completed an M.E. in Computer Science from the Indian Institute of Science, standing first in her class and receiving a gold medal from the Indian Institute of Engineers.
After graduation, Murthy became the first female engineer hired at India's largest auto manufacturer TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company or TELCO. Murthy had written a postcard to the company's Chairman complaining of the "men only" gender bias at TELCO. As a result, she was granted a special interview and hired immediately. She met N.R. Narayana Murthy while employed as an engineer at TELCO in Pune, and the two got married.

INFOSYS FOUNDATION
Murthy who heads as the chairperson of Infosys Foundation as well as the seed investor behind Infosys and venture capital firm Catamaran Ventures.

AWARDS
In 2004, Murthy was presented with the Raja-Lakshmi Award "in recognition of her outstanding contribution to social work" by the Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation in Chennai.
In 2006, Murthy was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest-ranking civilian award from the Government of India, and received an honorary doctorate for her contributions in the spheres of social work, philanthropy, and education.
In 2011, Murthy was conferred honorary LL.D (Doctor of Laws) degrees for their contributions to promote formal legal education and scholarship in India. She was the recipient of the R.K. Narayana's Award for Literature and the Padma Shri in 2006.

WRITINGS
Murthy is a prolific fiction author in Kannada and English. She has published several books, mainly through Penguin, that espouse her philosophical views on charity, hospitality and self-realization through fictional narratives. Some of her notable books in Kannada are Dollar Sose, Runa, Kaveri inda Mekaangige, Hakkiya Teradalli, Athirikthe, Guttondu Heluve. The book ‘How I Taught My Grandmother to Read & Other Stories’ has been translated into 15 languages including Hindi, Marathi and Assamese. Her latest book is ‘The Day I Stopped Drinking Milk’. Other notable books by her are Wise and Otherwise, Old Man and his God and Gently Falls the Bakula.

Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu , Gorur Ramaswamy Gopinath

                                      Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu


Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu was an Indian engineer and inventor. He is commonly referred to as the ‘Edison of India’ for his significant contributions to the fields of technology, industry and development.
            G.D.Naidu was born on March 1893 in Kalangal, India. He was a mischievous child at school and was frequently punished for his habit of hurling sand at teachers during classes. He once lit a stack of hay on fire, simply to see what would happen. Overtime, Naidu would come to appreciate the importance and value of a proper and comprehensive education.

The significant moment of Naidu’s life came when he was still a youngster. A foreigner had ridden through the village of Kalangal on a motorcycle. The majority of the people in the village ignored the foreigner but for Niadu, this sight of the motorcycle – cutting the silence of the village with the roar of its churning dust in its wake was inspiring. Naidu kept an eye out at all times for another glimpse of the vehicle and felt desperate. He left behind the tranquil peace of his village in search of technology and modern achievements.
            Coimbatore was a city ripe with opportunity, and Naidu wasted no time. The first thing he did was got a job as a waiter to accomplish his dreams, and so worked diligently and saved money. He tracked down the foreigner and succeeded in getting the motorcycle for 400 rupees from him. He picked up the habit of riding the trains from city to city. He relished the ability to travel so quickly. He became familiar with how the engine operated, in procuring a job as a mechanic.
            In 1920 Naidu expanded his horizons and set up his own business. He also dabbled in the cotton business. Overtime his transport business expanded and UMS, (Universal Motor Service) of public transport vehicles in the country. His passion for technology extended to cameras and film. He filmed the funeral of King George in London. He even secured manufacturing razors contracts with Adolf Hitler. He tried his hand at politics, but lost the 1936 provincial General elections. He was gifted a Rolls-Royce car, making him one of the very few and elite Indian’s who possessed such a statement of wealth.
In his mid-forties, he collaborated with D.Balasundaram to create India’s first indigenous motor. A company within Naidu’s group, called National Electric works, made the motor in 1937. He continued to invent, creating an electric razor that was manufactured in Germany.
            In 1941, he invented five-valve radios, focused on camera equipment, created a distance adjuster for film cameras. He had piqued his interest in agriculture to identify new forms and varieties of cotton, maize and papaya. He apparently had the entire building within eight hours time. It was a source of curiosity for Sir C.V. Raman and Mokshagundam Visvesvaraiah.

            G.D. Naidu began setting up several charitable and philanthropic foundations that helped under privileged sections of society. Despite his dislike for studies, he firmly believed the importance of education and made it his mission to set up the first polytechnic in India. It was later called Hope College, in Coimbatore. He was so passionate about education that in 1945 he was made the principal of the college (Government College of Technology). On 4th January 1974, Naidu passed away.  In the words of Sir C.V. Raman, G.D. Naidu was a great educator, an entrepreneur, a warm-hearted man and truly a man in millions.

First motor made in India in 1937 by G. D. N

 

In 1937, the first engine produced in India, was removed by the company of the group UMS by G D Nassim called National Electric Works. This created a revolution in the Coimbatore and led to the establishment of the number of small industries that produce bombs and engines. Now, Coimbatore is called the bomb city of Asia. Coimbatore's engine and pump industry offers two-thirds of Indian needs.

Among his other inventions were super thin blades, a distance for film cameras, a fruit juice extractor, an inviolable voting recording machine and a kerosene fan. In 1941, he announced that he had the ability to manufacture five-valve radio systems in India in just RS 70/-a system.

Two-seater petrol engine, built by G. D.N

 

In 1952, the two-seater gasoline engine car (which costs a single RS 2000/-) rolled. But production stopped later because of the government's refusal to grant the necessary permission. He wanted some precision blades/knives (he learned technique during one of his visits to Germany), but the government gave the license to make it to other people. It seems that some of these discards have destroyed him some of his inventions in frustration and perhaps even disheartened the great innovator who might have done much more. His inventive step was not limited to machines. It is said that he has grown ten-foot cotton plants, coconut trees that were 3 feet, plants with high yields with perfect organic methods for plants, which made it possible what Sir C V Raman called "" "botanicals". He also showed building houses within twenty-four hours at a cheaper price.

Despite some rejection of the government, he was warm, smiling, helping others and maintaining a positive attitude towards life. He was also a educator who initiated two world-class institutions in the year 1945, "Sir Arthur Hope College of Technology" and "Sir Arthur Hope Polytechnic". He gave the two institutions to the government. The two universities are now known as "the Government College of Technology (GCT)" and "the École Polytechnique de Coimbatore". Today, GCT is one of the first level engineering institutes in India.

 

G. D. Naidu has named his bus as a universal engine service and this service is offered with the spirit of the friendliness of the people. If a bus is troubled, G. D. Naidu will send another vehicle as soon as possible to repair it. This created a very good name for the Coimbatore people. The growth of the U.M.S. bus is very fast.

G. D. Naidu went to Europe to spend his summer time at 1932. G. D. Nassim went to the Marshalls and the cities Hanavel first in Germany. G. D. Naidu had the opportunity to see the scientific research centres in Germany. G. D. Nassim also went to the city of "Heilbronn" in Germany. Finally, he tested the manufacturing process of electric razors. The success of this research has brought a boost in their level of confidence in the invention of electric razors, which shaves the users more than the other options on the international market. He collected the knowledge in the research centres located in Germany. He also met with the engineers and discussed their ideas with them.

G. D. Naidu was an avid photographer and photography was his hobby and passion. 1935 he personally filmed the funeral of King George V in London. In 1936, he met Adolf Hitler in Germany (still photos of the Führer). Among the Indian pillars that captured the camera of G D Naidu were Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Subbash Chandra Bose. G D Naidu remained a stranger in politics, despite the response and lost in the 1936 provincial parliamentary elections. It was a car equipped with Rolls-Royce and was the only one I had back then. During his travels abroad, Nassim always seemed to gain the appreciation of his innovations and his unity of the person.

 

 

G. D. Naidu (Gopalaswamy Doraiswamy Naidu) was a major inventor, engineer, educator and industrialist of the Coimbatore. His contributions were mainly industrial, but they also cover the fields of electrical engineering, mechanics, agriculture (hybrid culture) and automotive. It was also called Edison from India. You may be wondering why this man named Edison from India, but if you end reading this article you will understand the deep meaning behind this title.

SHORT NOTE :

G. D. Nasri was born on 23, 1893, in Kalangal, near Coimbatore. He only had elementary schools, but was distinguished as a versatile genius. G. D. Naidu has created problems for classmates, teachers at the time of their school life. In fact, even at an early age, he hated the system so much that he threw mud into his professor's face. So, of course, he was sent out of school and maybe it should be a very happy incident for our young G. D. Naidu!

Since childhood he has been interested in machines and motor vehicles. Once an English income agent Lanka Shyel came into its engine cycle. G. D. Naidu has not seen a motor cycle until Shyel has arrived in his hometown. One day the vehicle was in trouble. To solve the problem, Shyel ordered a certain amount of gasoline and a rag of waste from G. D. Naidu. He had given them and looked at him attentively. He remembered how Shyel rode this vehicle. This incident made the G. D. Naidu more curious on motorcycles. He also created an interest in seeing the life of the city. G. D. Naidu decided to leave and walked about sixteen miles. Finally, G. D. Naidu reached Coimbatore.

The atmosphere of the city created a different expectation in the spirit of G. D. Naidu. The buses, trains, motor vehicles, shops and the way of life of the Coimbatore have left it there. G. D. Naidu needs a little work, so he thought to work in a hotel in Coimbatore. Naidu had a small sum of salary. He saved the money for his own purpose. Finally, with a considerable amount of money, G. D. Naidu arrived in the house of Lanka Shyel. He asked this vehicle for a price

 

                               Gorur Ramaswamy Gopinath

Gorur Ramaswamy Gopinath is an entrepreneur and founder of the Indian airlines Air Deccan. He is a retired captain of the Indian Army, an author, a politician, and a multi millionaire, and he is considered by many to be a pioneer for low-cost air travel within India.

G.R. Gopinath was born on 13 November 1951 in the village of Gorur, in Karnataka, India. His father was a school teacher and a farmer. Due to living in a village in Karnataka, Gopinath attended a Kannada-medium school till fifth standard. As the headmaster informed all the students that an admissions examination was going to be held in their school for those wishing to later join the Defense Forces, he appeared for the test. Unfortunately, the examination was in English, so he failed in the examination. On discovering the paper was in English, the headmaster wrote a stern letter to the Ministry of Defense in Delhi. He even went so far as to challenge the validity of the examination, questioning why the ministry believed intelligence meant understanding English. This yielded good result as Gopinath and some of the other boys were invited to take the exam and they got through the exam with flying colors. He learnt an important lesson from his headmaster, one has to be proactive and try as hard as possible to steer things one’s way.
Gopinath joined the Sainik School, Bijapur, where the level of education was greater. He was chanced to serve as a captain in the Indian Army in several places in North India. He was part of the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971. Gopinath was among the many other members of the Indian Army who were involved in trying to diffuse the situation. The war eventually ended with the declaration of separate Bangladesh in December 1971. He travelled across the land of opportunity during his vacation. The trip to U.S. set a good example of the grit and confidence that he would later put to good use in India.
The active part of his life in the Indian Army came to an end when Gopinath resigned from his job. He returned home with little more than six thousand rupees. With the money he had a deal with his uncle and purchased ten acres of land. He took to farming and bear with the odds of life before meeting with success. His grit and determination paid off. He also met a woman and ended up marrying her during this period of time. He was the recipient of the Rolex Laureate Award, for establishing an ecologically sustainable sericulture farm.
Gopinath began to branch out and show his penchant for being proactive. He secured a deal with Royal Enfield and was able to start a business called Malnad Mobikes and also opened a hotel in Hasan. He was a man of numerous talents, started writing and frequently contributing articles in Kannada for magazines and agricultural publications. His experience led to him to start new ventures – Water Resource Management consultancy and supplying Irrigation systems.
Gopinath decided to try and tackle the world of politics. While helping his daughter with her education, he was exposed to major community issues including poverty and problems with Bangalore’s infrastructure. He met with several influential community leaders and over time invited by the Bharatiya Janata Party. However his first electoral foray was a disaster. He backed out of politics.
Colonel A.J. Sam was a pivotal figure in Gopinath’s life and a good friend in the army. After resigning, he had taken a freelance job as a helicopter pilot. Gopinath saw the value of such training and pictured the ease with which helicopters could transport vehicles, men and materials easily from one place to another. He decided to go into the transport business. He, A.J.Sam and Colonel Jayanth Poovaiah agreed to set up the business together, company named Deccan Aviation, the low-cost airline in 2003.
In 2006 Gopinath was knighted with the Chevelier de la Legion d’Honneur, the highest civilian award conferred by the French government. In 2007, Vijay Mallya, sensing the great potential in Air Deccan, met with Gopinath and together they decided to merge Air Deccan with Mallya’s airlines, Kingfisher Airlines. Since then, Gopinath has founded Deccan charters and Deccan 360, which focuses on cargo and the express logistics business. The future lies wide open to such great entrepreneurs like Gorur Ramaswamy Gopinath. 

Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman

                        Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman

The Great Indian physicist Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman, popularly known as C.V Raman, was born on 7th November, 1888 at Trichirapalli in Tamil Nadu. His father was a physics teacher and so it was natural that Raman developed love for this subject. He was a brilliant student from the very beginning. As a brilliant and promising lad, he passed his matriculation examination at the young age of 12 from Madras University.
His parents wanted to send him England for higher studies but his poor health did not allow it.

He studied at Hindu College, Visakhapatnam and Presidency College, Madras. He obtained his post-graduation degree in physics in 1907 with the top position. During his student period he conducted many researches and published his papers in many reputed magazines. In the same year, Raman got the first position in the Financial Service Examination and was appointed as the Assistant Accountant General in Calcutta. There he came in contact with an eminent scientist named Dr. Amritlal Sarkar who was Secretary of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. This contact with Dr. Sarkar proved a turning point in the life of this young scientist.
His interest in physics was deep and lasting and so he continued his research work in his spare time in the laboratory of the Association. He published his research results in the leading journals of Calcutta, which were in regard to the subject of propagation of light. These original research papers were of great scientific significance. When these came to the notice of the then Vice -Challenger of Calcutta University, Sir Ashutosh Mukharjee, he appointed him Professor of physics in the University. During his stay at the University he continued his research with much more devotion and won immense honour and recognition as a physicist.
He was elected the Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1924. He discovered the “Raman Effect” in 1928. For it he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930. He became the first Indian to win this prestigious honour. With this award, his reputation increased by leaps and bounds and many Universities and institutions of repute honoured him with Ph D and D.Sc. degrees. In December, 1927 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for demonstrating that the nature of X-rays undergoes a change when passed through a matter.
This effect came to be known as the “Compton Effect.” Encouraged by this discovery, Raman continued his experiments and ultimately proved that light rays can also be scattered. His discovery enabled for the first time, the mapping of possible levels of energy gains of molecules and atoms of a substance and thus discovered their molecules and atomic structure. This discovery of the scattering of light led to the development of a simple alternative to infra-red spectroscopy, namely, Raman Spectroscopy. He also gave us the scientific explanation for the blue colour of the sky and the ocean. He explained that the blue color of the ocean was as a result of the scattering of sunlight by the molecules of the water. He travelled widely abroad delivering lectures about his discoveries and researches. In 1933 he became the Director of the Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore. In 1943 he founded the Raman Research Institute at Bangalore. He was knighted in 1927. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954 and the International Lenin Prize in 1957.
  
Principles

K. Chandrasekhara Vincent Raman was born at 7.1888 in the city of Trichinopoly, the presidency of Madras, in British India. Today the city is known as Tiruchirappalli and is located in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Raman's father was Che Rigaud, professor of Mathematics and physics. His mother was family, who learned to read and write for her husband. At the time of the birth of Raman, the family lived with low incomes. Raman was the second of eight children.

The Raman family was Brahman, the Hindu occupation of priests and scholars. His father, however, paid little attention to religious matters: Raman grew up to share his father without further attitude to religion, but he has observed some Hindu cultural rituals and respected traditions such as vegetarianism.

When Raman was four years old, his father got a better job, becoming a college professor, and the family moved to Waltair (now Visakhapatnam).

From a very young age, Raman was interested in science, reading the books that his father had used as a student. As he grew older, he started borrowing books of mathematics and physics from his father's library. In his teenage years, he began to learn books that his father had bought when he wanted to take a master's degree in physics.

Start of a class, 14 years

In 1903, only 14 years old, Raman left for the great city of Chennai (now Chennai) to live in a hostel and to start a bachelor's degree at the University of the presidency. When Raman returned home after his first year at the university, his parents were shaken by his unhealthy appearance; They have set up a house for him in Madras, where he could be cared for by his grandparents.

Raman was very enthusiastic about science. On vacation he would demonstrate experiences of his younger siblings.

He completed his bachelor's degree in 1904 and won medals in physics and English. His British professors encouraged him to study for a master's degree in the UK. However, the Madras civil Surgeons told him that his health was not robust enough to withstand the British climate; He advised Raman to stay in India.

It was probably an excellent tip. The brilliant mathematician Ramanujan, born only a year before Raman, travelled from Madras to work at the University of Cambridge in 1914. Although this has resulted in the creation of some brilliant mathematical works, it has had a serious impact on the health of Ramanujan.

Nobel laureate 18 years Raman error for physics teacher

Raman received a scholarship and remained at the University of the presidency to study his master's degree. His extraordinary potential was acknowledged, and he gained unlimited access to the laboratories, where he pursued the investigations of his own design.

In November 1906, 18, Raman made his first published academic work. At first he had given one of his professors to read, but the professor had not bothered. Raman sent his work directly to the philosophical journal and was accepted. Its title was asymmetrical streaks through a rectangular aperture: it was about the behavior of light.

After the publication of his second role in the philosophical Journal, Raman received a letter from Lord Rayleigh, the eminent British physicist. Rayleigh, not knowing that Raman was just a teenage student, sent his letter to "Professor Raman".

In 1907, 19, Raman has awarded a Master's degree in physics, the highest award.

Fulltime government administrator, part-time scientist

Although Raman was engaged in a scientific career, his brother persuaded him to rely on the examinations of the public administration. The jobs of the public administration were very well paid and his family was deeply indebted.

For 10 years Raman worked as an officer in the Department of Indian Finance in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and quickly rose to a higher position. In his spare time, he carried out research into the physics of instruments and string drums. He has done this work on the Indian Association for the Culture of Science ("" ").

The castle was Hibernating until Raman stumbled upon him and to revive him. In addition to his research work, Raman has given public lectures in Calcutta popularizing science.

Finally, full time science

Although it was a chair of research, Raman also decided to teach the courses: He was an exciting teacher and inspired his students.

The Raman effect

Raman and Rayleigh dispersion

Lord Rayleigh, who had believed that the papers of the young Raman were the work of a professor, was one of the great physicists of his time. He won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Its significance for the history of Raman is that Rayleigh was the first to explain why the sky is blue. He had then declared the color of the sea by saying that it was simply a reflection of the color of the sky.

One day, in the summer of 1921, Raman was on the deck of a ship in the Mediterranean on the way to the British Empire Universities Congress in Oxford. He looked at the beautiful blue color of the Mediterranean and to doubt the Rayleigh explanation of its color.

Rayleigh had correctly stated that the sky looks blue due to a phenomenon that is now called the Rayleigh dispersion.

Rayleigh scattering

Approximate representation of the Rayleigh dispersion in the terrestrial atmosphere.

If the earth had no atmosphere, someone who was here through these circumstances would see a white sun and a black sky. This is not what we see, however, because the sunlight interacts with the gases in the Earth's atmosphere.

Instead of directly in our eyes from the sun, the sunlight disperses in all directions through the atmosphere. The blue light is more dispersed, which means that it comes to our eyes from all over the sky, so that the sky looks blue. The yellow and red light scatters at least, so we usually see a yellow sun, and sometimes a red sun.

The Rayleigh dispersion is elastic. This means that photons of light do not lose the energy when they interact with the gas molecules. The light is therefore kept of the same color.

Raman discovers that the sea disperses the light

When he sailed to India in September 1921 Raman, an indefatigable scholar, had to rub with him some simple physics devices: A prism, a miniature spectroscopy, and a grating. He used them to study the sky and the sea and reached the conclusion that the sea diffused the light.

Therefore, if Rayleigh said that the color of the sea is simply a reflection of the color of the sky, it was not quite right. Raman reported on his discoveries in a letter to the nature journal.

When he returned to his laboratory, Raman and his students began a comprehensive research programme on the Diffusion of light.

Compton shows inelastic dispersion

At 1923 Arthur Compton in St. Louis, USA released a new and exciting work showing that X-rays can lose energy when interacting with electrons. X-rays give a portion of their energy to electrons, then move to bring less energy. In other words, Compton has shown that elastic diffusion is possible.

Compton received the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery, known as the Compton effect.

The importance of the Compton effect is that in classical electrodynamics, the diffusion of X-rays and other electromagnetic radiation must always be elastic. Compton's results coincide with quantum theory and not classical theory.

The inelastic dispersion discovered by Compton caused an increase in the X-ray wavelengths. If the elastic dispersion and thus the wavelengths were possible for visible light, then the color of the light would change.

The Raman effect

Raman and his students have continued to investigate the dispersion of light in gases, liquids and solids.

They used the monochrome light sunlight that had been filtered to leave a single color-and found that a variety of different liquids-60 of them-actually changed the color of the light. They first observed the April 1923, but very weak.

In 1927, they found a particularly strong color change in light scattered by glycerin (then called glycerin):

The Raman team observed the impact on gases, crystals and glass. The effect may have been mistaken for fluorescence, another phenomenon in which the light changed its color, but in Raman work the light dispersed by the liquids Polarized that spread the fluorescence.

What became known as the Raman effect-a color change accompanied by the polarization-n ' avait never seen before. The inelastic dispersion in his heart was a more, very strong affirmation of quantum theory.

 

Approximate appearance of the Raman effect

Raman effect

(a) The blue light approaches a molecule, then (b) The green light of the low energy leaves the molecule. It is an elastic dispersion: the light has given a part of its energy to the molecule, making it vibrate more strongly.

The Raman effect is a very small effect compared to the dispersion of the Rayleigh. Only about 1 in 10 million photons are subject to the elastic dispersion.

Raman and his colleague Kaki Krishnan reported on their discovery in March 1928 in nature.

Raman received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics to "work on the diffusion of light and by discovering the effect that bears the name."

Raman spectroscopy

Raman has shown that the energy of the dispersed photons is inelastically dispersed as a "footprint" of the substance of light. Raman spectroscopy is therefore used in chemical laboratories around the world to identify substances. It is also used in medicine to study living cells and tissues-also by detecting cancer-without damaging. Laser light instead of sunlight is used as a source of photons.

Photon spin

In 1932 Raman and his student Suri Bhagavantam discovered that bright photons have a angular momentum-quantum terms have photons a property called spin.

Light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation pass their angular dynamics to the atoms that absorb them.

Some personal data and the end

Raman married Lokasundari Ammaal en 1907. The couple had two children: this was a famous astronomer and Che.

Raman was named Chevalier en 1929 for his discovery of the Raman effect and became Sir K. Chandrasekhara Vincenta Raman.

The winning work of the Nobel Raman Prize was first inspired by the comments he made on a maritime voyage. By the way, it was during a ride at sea that another Nobel laureate, Subrahmanyan Che, performed most of his work as a Nobel laureate. And still occasionally, C.V. Raman was Che's uncle!

Raman had the highest confidence in its own capacity. When the president of Palit's physics was donated to the University of Calcutta, one of the conditions was that the incumbent operator would conduct research in other countries to strengthen Indian expertise. Raman refused to do that. He said that scientists from other countries should come to learn from him. I was so sure that I would win the 1930 Nobel Prize, that I had announced tickets for Sweden four months before the winner.

In 1933, Raman became the first Indian director of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. In 1947, he became the first independent national teacher in India. In 1948, he founded the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, where he worked until the end of his life.

He was cautious that governments played a role in basic research and rejected state funding for their work:

K. Chandrasekhara Vincenta Raman died, 82 years, heart disease November 21, 1970 in Bangalore, India

 

The Greatest Resource – Education,Ernst Friedrich Schumacher

The Greatest Resource – Education

Ernst Friedrich Schumacher (1911 – 1977) was an influential economist-philosopher and systems thinker. “The Greatest Resource – Education” is extracted from his book “Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered”. He talks about education as our greatest resource: when it deals with and gives answers to the deeper questions about who we are and what our place is in this universe, then education is our greatest resource.

Schumacher starts out by indicating that people usually look at education as the answer or the key to all kinds of problems or challenges. Men have lived and multiplied wherever they have found their means of living on every part of the earth. They have built great civilizations in the course of time and have disappeared and have become a cause for new civilizations that have arisen as a new form of cultures. The fact is that it is the man who is the primary resource for all the economic development but not the nature on this planet. The key factor of all this development is the sudden outburst of men’s daring, initiative, invention and constructive activity in all fields at once. It is strengthened through education which is the most significant of all resources.

           No civilization has ever flourished without organized education. We believe that education is the residual legatee of all our problems.  Strong and better education would bring solution to all our problems such as nuclear dangers, new abuses of genetic engineering and the new temptations of commercialism. As the modern life is becoming more complex, it is the need for everyone to become more highly educated or we ourselves could vanish from this planet.

         It is evident that the global situation at present calls for prodigious educational efforts. Education is a means of prosperity. Hence, we must educate ourselves or we shall be destroyed. Sir Charles Snow talked about two cultures which had greater impact on our lives. According to him, the two cultures are two polar groups… one pole is the literary intellectuals and the other the scientists. He deplores that there is a big gap between these two groups. He wanted this gap should be bridged. It could be to get world-class scientists and professionals to research high-class design and development. Later, many of the other scientists, engineers, politicians, administrators and the entire community should be trained to have a social sense what the scientists are mentioning. Lord Snow tells that the scientists are never exhausted to explain the fruits of their research and innovation is ‘neutral’. It depends on how the humanity makes use of it for their enrichment.

             E. F. Schumacher points out that modern people face many problems thrust upon them by the advancement of science and technology. So, there must be strong education to cope with these problems. Science and Engineering produce ‘know-how’, but the author says that ‘know-how’ is an unfinished sentence because it has got no end. Potential education could help to finish the sentence. The purpose of education should be the transmission of ideas of value and of what to do with our lives. It could be foolhardy to put great powers into the hands of unreasonable people. The whole mankind would be in mortal danger if we tend to uses science and technological knowhow destructively without wisdom. More education could only fill the ignorant minds with wisdom. We are no doubt the inheritors of ‘Dark Ages’ and it is only our mental make-up could pave the way for better life on this beautiful earth.

About the Author:

Ernst Friedrich Schumacher was an internationally influential economic thinker, statistician and economist in the UK, who has been the chief economic advisor for the National Carbon Commission of the United Kingdom for many years. He was an internationally renowned economist and author of books entitled "Small is Beautiful: a study of the economy, as if people cared" and "a guide to the perplexed." The term "small is beautiful" is used to defend small and appropriate technologies that supposedly empower people more, unlike phrases such as "bigger is better".

Q& A :

Q1. What motivates the writer to advocate technology with a human face?

Years. The essay "Technology with the human face" is taken from the Book of E. F Schumacher "Klein is Beautiful".

In this essay, Schumacher expresses his fear and concern about the inhumane nature of modern technology that is leading the world from crisis to crisis and shows visible signs of catastrophes and the rupture of humanity in the future.

Everything that makes the technology in the past and in the present seems sick and inhuman. It is therefore time for us to examine whether we could have-"a technology with a human face".

Q2. How, according to the author, is anti-nature technology?

Years. Schumacher differentiates the principles of nature and technology. Nature always follows a principle of auto-limitation, which IE knows where and when to stop. There is a measure in all natural things in their size, speed or violence. Therefore, it tends to be self-balance, auto-tuning, self-cleaning. The technology or the super technology, on the other hand, has no limit principle. Therefore, it acts as a foreign body in nature and is therefore subject to rejection.

Q3. What three crises has the technology generated at the same time?

Years. Modern technology, which has shaped the modern world, is involved in three crises simultaneously. First, people find that the inhumane technological, organizational and political patterns are very stifled and weakened and rebel against them. Second, due to the technology, the living environment gives signs of a partial rupture, and finally, the non-renewable resources of the world, especially fossil fuels are around virtual exhaustion. Schumacher says that one of these three crises can be fatal and eventually lead to a total collapse. This is the result of materialism and the unlimited expansion of technology in a finite environment.

Q4. How does the author confirm his vision that technology is causing more problems than it offers solutions?

Q5. Why does the author say that working with the brain and hands has become very rare, especially in rich countries?

Q6. Does the author argue convincingly that modern technology has evolved increasingly inhumanly and has led to more problems in the rich and poor countries?

Q7. Why does the author say that modern technology does not enrich people, but emptiness?

Schumacher says that the growth of industrialisation in the last twenty-five years has developed more problems than solutions, even in rich countries. Industrialisation has only led to a success of the illusion. It seems that technology has helped us in many respects, but the two major problems of unemployment and poverty cannot be solved in developed and developing countries.

The main task of technology, such as machines and computers, is to reduce the burden of human work so that he can enjoy life and relax. But modern technology eliminates the skillful, productive and creative work of human hands and brains, thereby destroying the enjoyment of work. Modern technology is huge, very complicated and requires a huge investment. Only the rich can afford to operate the modern factories. These labor-saving machines lead to rich and poor wealth and unemployment and poverty to rise around the world.

It is said that a new type of technology called self-help is required, so that everyone, including the older people and children can work with their intelligent brain and with two skillful hands with great satisfaction.

Schumacher never says that the technology itself is bad. However, it calls for us to use scientific techniques that help us to reach the truth of matter and increase our knowledge, focus on technology that does not lead to GIGANTISM, speed or violence and destroys the Enjoyment of work

Q8. How does the technology of the people that the author suggests be different from primitive or super technology?

Q9. How does the author find the assertion that technology only facilitates the workload and does not really carry weight or prestige?

Q10. What strategies does the writer use in this basically essay to persuade readers that the technology is more of a nightmare than a blessing, although there are some explicit benefits for it?

F11. Explain your concept of "technology with a human face" and find out what would be astonished by the crises of the super technology of the wealthy.

According to Schumacher, the modern world, which is made up of technology, is still ill. We wonder whether technology has helped us in many respects, but the underlying factors of poverty reduction and unemployment have not been solved by technology. In this case, we have to ask ourselves whether it is possible to make a technology with a human face better. It is very strange to say that the laws and principles of technology, the product of man, are generally very different from those of the human nature of living nature. There is a measure in all natural things in their size, the speed of violence. The system of nature, of which man is a part, tends to be the balance of himself, self-tuning, self-determination. But this is not the case with the technology. It does not recognize the principle of self-regulation in terms of size, speed or violence. It has not the virtues of being self-balanced, self-adjustable, self-cleaning. In a way, man is dominated by technology and specialization. Modern technology acts as a foreign body and has become inhumane in the subtle system of nature.

In his opinion, modern technology was involved in three crises at the same time. First, the rebels of human nature against suffocation and weaken inhuman technological models. Secondly, the living environment is partially dismantled. Thirdly, it is clear that the encroachment of non-renewable resources into the world has become a major bottleneck and a virtual exhaustion in the future. This is the result of materialism and unlimited expansion in a finite environment. This is a big question if we can develop technology that can solve all our problems, a technology with a human face.

Schumacher says: "The main task of technology, it seems, is to transport the workload of the human being to stay alive and develop its potential". The technology that facilitates our burden would help us to give us a better time to relax and do what we wanted to increase our creativity, to work with the hands that give us the joy as defined by Thomas Aquinas. Schumacher explains that it is not the actual production of "total social time" spent about a fifth of the third of half, which is 3.5 percent and the rest 96.5 percent of the "total social time" is directly less product. It fades in the insignificance that carries no real weight, but only prestige. Therefore, almost all actual production has become an inhumane task that does not enrich people, but emptiness. By taking the balance of our goals, everyone would have the privilege of working in a useful, creative way with their own hands and the brain can actually produce things and enjoy the society.

Modern industrial society is not romantic and certainly not utopia. He has serious problems and has no promise of survival. We must have the courage to dream if we want to survive and give our children the chance to survive. We need to develop a new way of life that is compatible with the real needs of human nature and the living nature that surrounds us. To avoid the disastrous consequences for rich and poor countries, we need a different kind of technology, a productive technology with a human face.

F12. What forces the author to formulate his first law of business: "The amount of real leisure that a society tends to have in inverse proportion to the amount of the main-d ' œuvre-économie of the equipment that employs them"?

Years: So far we have an enormous accumulation of new knowledge that includes excellent scientific techniques to increase this knowledge and immense practical experience in your application. This is known as true knowledge. But so far we have made an unwise and destructive use of our technology because we never get pleasure from our work. Therefore, Schumacher suggests that the productive time of 3.5% of the total social time will be increased to 20% of the total social time. If this wonderful idea is implemented into practice, even children and elders would be able to do creative, productive and useful work and enjoy it with their intelligent brain and two skillful hands. The therapeutic and pedagogical value of this pleasant and useful work will be the blessing for all the peoples of the world. So no one wants to raise the age of the school or less the retirement age. Everyone would be glad to be able to work in a useful and creative way with their own hands and brains at their own pace and with excellent tools. People who work in this way do not know the difference between work and leisure, because the work itself is full of pleasure and enjoyment!

Schumacher is a great admirer of Mahatma Gandhi and tries to follow his teaching in scientific ideas about the new lifestyle he has visualized in this essay.

Gandhiji says that the world's poor cannot be helped by mass production, but only through mass production. According to Schumacher, a new technology with a human face must be introduced. The current inhuman technology is based on mass production with high investment and high input energy, where workers are simple slaves at work and the wealthy owner makes huge profits. This system needs to be changed and a new technology with a human face must be introduced. Instead of mass production, the new system is based on mass production. All people, young and old can work with their clever hands and brains with first-class tools in their own time and speed, then the job would be a great pleasure for them.

Concluding his essay, Schumacher says that mass production technology is called "intermediate technology" because this technology is far superior to the primitive technology of yesterday, but at the same time much easier, cheaper and it is freer than the rich Super technology. Intermediate technology can also be called "self-help technology or Democratic or popular technology". This technology uses the best modern knowledge and experience that is adapted to the laws of ecology, soft in its use of natural resources and designed to serve the man rather than the servant of the machine.

 

                                  A Dilemma: A Layman Looks at Science

Raymond Blaine Fosdick (1883-1972), lawyer, public servant, and author, was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of a high school principal. He was a lifetime disciple of Woodrow Wilson. Raymond B. Fosdick  in the lesson  ‘A Dilemma: A Layman Looks at Science’  says  that  science  should  be used only for the constructive purpose and not to be  aimed  at  the degeneration of the society. August  6,  1945,  a  day  of  unfortunate,  on  which  the atomic bomb  was  dropped  on Hiroshima  brought  home  to all of us about the significance (or) importance of science in  human  life.

 Mankind  was frightened by science and bewildered  by  its  enormous  power.  This  instance  has realised the mankind how unequipped we are in terms of ethics, law, and government, to know how to use it. The author says that science  is based  on  truth and should spring from the noblest attribute of the human spirit.
There are certain inventions that can evoke both positive and negative responses. Invention of radio, automobiles, penicillin, radar and jet propulsions shall be aimed towards the betterment of the society rather  than  creating  ugliness and desolation. The gifts of science,  the  author  vehemently  feels, should not blow our civilization into  drifting  dust. The  research  and Technology  yield  right  fruits  when  they  are  related  to  human welfare.
Science is the search for truth. But it is the same search for truth that has brought our civilization to the brink of  destruction.  The  writer  strongly  feels that research shall be subjected to some kind of restraint if it is not linked  to human constructive purpose; it is really  disheartening  to  read  about  that  leading scientists associated with atom bomb saying that one should  not hold  back progress because of fear of misuse of   science.
Fosdick says that some inventions are purely accidental and the scientists never had any evil intentions while discovering them. For instance Albert Einestein never thought of atom bomb while working for his transformation equation in 1905. Yet, from this it has come out one of the principles  upon which atom bomb is based. Similarly sulphur drugs and mustard gas which are offshoots of German dye industry  was  not  created  to  deal  with  either  medicine or weapons of  war.  Willard  Gibbs, was  a  gentle  spirit  whose  life  was spent in his laboratory at Yale University, had never dreamt that his research  in the mathematical physics might have even a remote  relationship  to  World War I & II. These discoveries are classic examples  where  the gifts  of science  can  be used by evil men to do evil even more  obviously  and dramatically than it can be used by men of goodwill to do good.
The author concludes that the towering enemy of mankind is not science but  war.  Science  merely  reflect  the  social  forces  by  which  it is surrounded. When there is peace, science is constructive and when there is war, science is perverted to destructive ends.  Our  problem  therefore  is  not  to  curb  science but to stop war- to substitute law for force and international government for anarchy in the relations of  one  nation  with  another.  He  feels  that  our  education should be  based  on  tolerance  understanding  and  creative intelligence that should run fast enough to put an end to the evil effects of the science. Formally, Science must help us but the decision lies within ourselves ie., the sole responsibility  is of human beings.

Homi Jehangir Bhabha

                                 Homi Jehangir Bhabha
Homi Jehangir Bhabha was a multifaceted personality - scientist, visionary and institution builder.  He was born on October 30, 1909 in an illustrious family with a long tradition of learning and service to the country. Bhabha was exposed to fine arts, music and painting, which moulded his artistic traits.

Bhabha was intelligent, hard working and sincere student. After finishing schooling, Bhabha’s parents sent him to Cambridge University, UK for higher education in mechanical engineering. After completing his degree in 1932, Bhabha continued his research at Cambridge University. His first paper appeared in 1934, based on theoretical explanation of shower production in cosmic rays. His name is associated with Bhabha scattering, which involves relativistic exchange scattering of electrons and Bhabha-Heitler theory, dealing with production of electron and positron showers in cosmic rays.  Thus, it was no surprise that at a young age of 31, he was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society, London. Bhabha rubbed shoulders with great physicists like Bohr, Pauli, Dirac, Cockcroft and others, who later became Noble Laureates. This period was crucial for Bhabha for capacity building and leadership qualities.
Bhabha was on vacation during 1939, when  the second world war broke out and he could not go back abroad to continue his research. He then joined Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore as a Reader in Department of Physics, headed by Sir C. V. Raman and set up a cosmic ray research unit.  Raman had great admiration for Bhabha and at Nagpur Indian Academy meeting in 1941, while introducing Bhabha, he said “Bhabha is a great lover of music, a gifted artist, a brilliant engineer and an outstanding scientist. He is the modern equivalent of Leonardo da Vinci”.  It was from Bangalore in 1944, Bhabha wrote his historical letter to the Tata trust for support in setting up a centre for research work in nuclear science, which could play a central role in the development of nuclear energy. There was a clear similarity in vision between the great Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata and Bhabha with respect to the need for education, scientific research and human resource development for economic prosperity. Subsequently, in 1945 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) was formed and large scale research in physics, chemistry, electronics and mathematics commenced.
Bhabha was instrumental for the formation of Atomic Energy Commission in 1948 and the Department of Atomic Energy in 1954 and he chalked out a focussed research and minerals exploration programmes for nuclear energy. He was such a visionary that he had realized the importance of nuclear power programme way back in 1950s and enunciated a three stage nuclear programme so as to meet the energy security of the nation.  It consisted of utilization of natural uranium, plutonium and abundant thorium resources in thermal, fast and advanced nuclear reactors with closed fuel cycle.  He also had balanced perspective on the role of other energy resources such as coal, oil and solar. A significant factor that contributed for the growth of nuclear sciences and its applications was Bhabha's rapport with the then Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, who reposed complete confidence in him.  This was possible because Bhabha had the deserving credentials and his passion matched with Nehru’s vision of modern India. There was a great synergy in thinking between Nehru and Bhabha with respect to industrialization and scientific research, evolving hand-in-hand.
Bhabha gave utmost importance to the development of quality human resources. The commencement and continuation of BARC Training School for the scientific manpower over the last 50 years is a real tribute to Bhabha’s foresight on quality manpower. Bhabha, a person of perfection, purpose and excellence, ensured these qualities in all his endeavours viz., research, management, buildings and environment. His total conviction, never-accepting mediocrity, never compromising on excellence, meeting the challenges head-on with confidence made him a unique personality. Bhabha was a great scientific manager and followed the mantra of right man for the right job.
Bhabha had received many prestigious national and international awards and recognitions. In 1954, he was conferred with Padma Bhushan award for outstanding contributions to nuclear science. In 1955, he was elected as the President of the first International Conference on the 'Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy', organized by the UN at Geneva.
At a young age of 56, Bhabha suddenly passed away in 1966 due to a plane crash in Switzerland. A vibrant and robust organization, that he had left behind with many signal achievements in nuclear science and technology as well as a dedicated and talented pool of human resources, bears testimony to the visionary zeal of Bhabha. His life was an example for all of us, which stood for ‘deserve, desire and demonstrate’.
Message for youth
Bhabha’s life is an example of pursuing individual passion with a national perspective and purpose. If he chose, he could have gone abroad after the Second World War and pursued his scientific research and perhaps, could have even won Noble prize in physics. But, he chose to stay back to serve the country. He channelized all his scientific pursuits to develop scientific institutes with an aim to serve the society. He blended his individual vision and passion with that of the Country.  Today, we have world class institutes and the Departments like Atomic Energy and Space, thanks to Bhabha’s foresight and vision.  Thus, his life message to all of us is ‘do pursue the passion of your life but with a vector or direction of serving the country and making it proud with your contributions’.

Services:

1. Founded the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

2. He was the first president of the Atomic Energy Commission of India

3. He was President of the first United Nations Conference on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, which took place in Geneva in 1955.

The Bhabha sermon, whose full name was the sermon Jehnagir Bhabha, was a famous Indian physicist. In independent India, the sermon Jehnagir Bhabha, with support from Jawaharlal Nehru, attended the establishment of a scientific institution and was responsible for the creation of two first level institutions, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research () ( TIFR) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The Bhabha sermon was the first president of the Atomic Energy Commission of India.

The sermon Jehangir Bhabha was born on October 30th, 1909 in Bombay in a wealthy family of Parsee. After graduating from Elphinstone College and the Royal Institute of Science in Bombay, he attended the University of Cambridge. He received his doctorate in 1934. During this period he worked with Niels Bohr in studies that led to quantum theory. The sermon Jehnagir Bhabha also worked with Walter Heitler in the theory of cascades of electron showers, which was of great importance for the understanding of cosmic radiation. He has an important role in identifying the hostel.

Due to the outbreak of World War II, the sermon Jehangir Bhabha returned to India, 1939. He created the Cosmic Ray Research Unit at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in C. V. Raman in 1939. With the help of J.R.D. Tata, he created the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai. In 1945, he became director of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.

Besides a great scientist, friend Bhabha, he was also an expert administrator. After independence, he received the blessing of Jawaharlal Nehru for the peaceful development of atomic energy. Establishment of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission in 1948. Under his leadership, Indian scientists worked on the development of atomic energy, and the first nuclear reactor in Asia came in Trombay, near Bombay, in 1956.

He was President of the first United Nations Conference on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, which took place in Geneva in 1955. It advocates the international control of nuclear energy and the banning of nuclear bombs by all countries. He wanted to use nuclear energy to alleviate the poverty and misery of the people.

He has received numerous academic degrees from Indian and foreign universities and is a member of many scientific societies, including the National Academy of Sciences in the United States. He has also allowed many articles on quantum theory and cosmic rays. He died in January 1966 in Switzerland.

 More Details About Homi Jehangir Bhabha:

The sermon Jehangir Bhabha is the founder and first architect of the Atomic Energy Program of India.

Bhabha was born in 1909, a wealthy well-connected family of Parsee. Bhabha's uncle was Sir Dorab Tata (married to the sister of the father of Bhabha), son of the founder of the mighty Tata Group. Bhabha grew up in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), while his father was a general Inspector of education in Mysore.

At the age of 18 years after graduating from Cambridge (at Bombay Cathedral High School), Bhabha went to England to study 1927 to the AM the AM the AM the AM at the end of the University of Cambridge, but his heart was really in physical. And so, immediately after the handover of the Thrips Mechanical Sciences in 1930, it was changed for research in theoretical physics.

During the period of 1930-1939, Bhabha the extraordinary original exploration of cosmic radiation, the return with observations on the production of electro pairs in interaction of cosmic radiation with the matter, and also the identification of heavy muons as electron particles-as in the penetration component of cosmic rays. All this gave him his choice for the prestigious Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1940, from the age of 31.

During this period, Bhabha not only developed a strong friendship with scientists working in the Rutherford lab, including John Cockroft, Paul Delta and WB Lewis, but also spent time with other great physicists like Niels Bohr. (in Copenhagen), Wolfgang Pauli (in Zurich) and Enrico Fermi (in Rome)-the friendship they respected in the following years when he started organizing the program in India. Bhabha learned of the discovery of the division abroad.

Bhabha returned to India in 1939 and had to stay behind because of the separation of the Second World War. He chose to work at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where C. V. Raman, the first Nobel laureate of Science in India, was head of the physics department at the time. Originally named as a reader, Bhabha was soon appointed professor of cosmic rays research. In addition to experimental work in cosmic rays, Bhabha has also pursued his natural interests in mathematics.

JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE

                                                       JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE

What happens if you take a rich magistrate's son and make him learn in a village school sitting besides the sons of servants and fishermen? He'll hear tales of birds and animals that make him curious about Nature. And that makes him one of India's first scientists - Jagdish Chandra Bose.

Botanist and physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in Munshiganj, India (now in Bangladesh)on November 30, 1858. He was educated first at the village school in Faridpur, where his  father was a magistrate, Bhagwan Chandra Bose. Later he migrated to St. Xavier’s College, Calcutta at the age of thirteen. There he met Father Eugene Lafont, who was very interested in promoting modern science in India. He later went to the UK, where he got degrees from the universities of Cambridge and London. He also met Prafulla Chandra Ray, another pioneer of Indian science.

 He came back and was made a Professor of Physics at Presidency College on the Viceroy's recommendation. However, the principal and other faculty, who were White, were very racially biased against him and gave only an acting appointment. He was offered one-third the salary of the school's white professors, and in protest at this slight he took no salary at all for several years. They denied him any laboratory facilities, but he carried on his research work, buying equipment with his own salary.

He remained at Presidency for his entire career, where he assembled the first modern scientific research facilities in Indian academia. He conducted landmark research of the response of plant and animal life to stimuli including electricity, light, sound, and touch, and showed how water and sap in plants and trees is elevated from roots due to capillary action. He invented the crescograph, an early oscillating recorder using clockwork gears to measure the growth and movements of plants in increments as small as 1/100,000 of an inch. His 1902 paper "Responses in the Living and Non-living" showed that plant and animal tissues share a similar electric-impulse response to all forms of stimulation, a finding which challenged conventional science of the time, and also showed that even inanimate objects — certain rocks and metals — have similar responses. In a 1907 paper Bose established the electro transmission of excitation in plant and animal tissues, and showed that plants respond to sound, by growing more quickly in an environment of gentle speech or soft music, and growing more poorly when subjected to harsh speech or loud music.

Prior to his plant and animal experiments, Bose spent several years experimenting with electromagnetic waves, and conducted successful wireless signaling experiments in Calcutta in 1895. The invention of radio is usually credited to G. Marconi, but a comparison of their records suggests that at certain points of Bose's radio research, he was about a year ahead of the Italian scientist. In Marconi's first wireless trans-oceanic transmission in 1901 a mercury auto coherer was a key component of the receiving device, and while Marconi made no acknowledgment of Bose at the time, subsequent research has shown that Marconi's auto coherer was a near-exact replica of a mechanism invented by Bose, who explained it in detail in a demonstration at the Royal Society of London two years earlier.

Bose was the first Indian scientist to be widely respected as an equal in the halls of western science. When he demonstrated his mechanisms for generating and detecting radio waves in a January 1897 lecture before the Royal Institution in London, it was the first such lecture given by an Indian. He was elevated to knighthood in 1917, and in 1920 he became the first Indian elected to membership in the prestigious Royal Society. Bose, who came from a fairly affluent family, had no particular interest in the profit potential of his work, and refused to file patent claims. A patent was filed by friends in Bose's name for his 1901 invention of a solid-state diode detector to detect electromagnetic waves.

He founded the Bose Research Institute in Calcutta in 1917, which continues to conduct scientific research. He was a contemporary and friend of the poet Rabindranath Tagore. In 1937, Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose breathed his last. In the pages of history are recorded the glorious achievements of many great men whom the world recognises, loves and respects. Such men prove to be a true asset not only to their own countries but also to the world. Their lives become a message and a source of inspiration for generations to come.

Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose was one such personality who became immortal in the field of science. He was not only a scientist par excellence, but also a warm human being and a modest personality. Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose was worthy and illustrious son of our motherland whom the nation feels proud of. He brought various laurels to our country. Immense hard working capacity, patience and simplicity were hall­marks of his personality. Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose was a creative and imaginative scientist, a connoisseur of literature and a great lover of nature.
 ABOUT :  Sir  Chandra Bose was born in Bikrampur, Bengal, now Munshiganj district of Bangladesh, on the 30th. His father, Bhagawan Chandra Bose, was a Brahmo and leader of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as deputy judge/deputy of the Commissioner at Faridpur, Bardhaman and elsewhere. His family was created in the village of Rarikhal, Bikrampur, in the present-day district of DayMunshiganj, Bangladesh.

Bose's education began in a native school because his father believed that he had to get to know his native language before the English, and that people also had to be acquainted with them. [citation needed] At the Bikrampur conference in 1915, Bose spoke: "At that time sending children to English schools was a symbol of noble status." In the vernacular school that I was sent, the son of the Muslim assistant of my father sits on my right side, and the son of a fisherman sitting on my left. They were my friends. I heard their stories of birds, animals and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories in my mind have created a deep interest in examining the functioning of nature. When I came home with my classmates from school, my mother greeted us and fed us all without discrimination. Although she was an orthodox and old-fashioned woman, she was never considered guilty of piety in treating these "Untouchables" as her own children. It was because of my childhood friendship with them that I never felt that there were "creatures" that could be labeled "low-casting." I never realized that there was a "problem" that was common to both Hindu and Muslim communities.

Bose joined Hare School in 1869, then at St. Xavier's School in Kolkata. In 1875, he received the entrance (equivalent to the school's graduation) from the University of Calcutta and was admitted to St. Xavier's College in Calcutta. In St. Xavier, Bose came into contact with Jesuit Father Eugene Font, who played an important role in the development of his interest in the natural sciences. He obtained a license at the University of Calcutta in 1879.

Bose wanted to go to England to compete with the Indian public administration. However, his father, an official himself, has canceled the plan. He wanted his son to be a scholar who "would not govern anyone, but himself". [citation needed] Bose studied medicine at the University of London. However, he had to give up because of poor health. The smell in the rooms section is also said to have aggravated his illness.

Thanks to the recommendation of Anand Mohan, his brother-in-law (sister-husband) and the first Indian cowboy, he was admitted to the College of Christ, Cambridge, to study natural sciences. He received the natural science trips from the University of Cambridge and a BSc from the University of London in 1884. Among the masters of Bose in Cambridge were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Foster, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour and Sidney Vines. By the time Bose was a student in Cambridge, Martine Chandra Roy was a student in Edinburgh. They met in London and became close friends.

On the second day of a two-day seminar, which took place on the occasion of the 150 existence of the company on 28 and 29 July, the Asian company, Professor Denisa Ramos, director of the Bose Institute, said in Calcutta in his address that he had personally I Checked the Cambridge University registry to confirm the fact that in addition to the courage, he received a master's degree also from him in 1884. 

Science:-

 

Radio Research

The British theoretical physicist James Clerk Maxwell predicts mathematically the existence of different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves, but he died in 1879 before his prediction was experimentally tested. The British physicist Oliver Lodge demonstrated the existence of Maxwell's waves, which were connected to the wires in 1887-88. The German physicist Heinrich Hertzshowed experimental, in 1888, the existence of electromagnetic waves in open space. Subsequently, the Lodge continued the work of Hertz and presented it in June 1894 (after Hertz's death) and published it in the form of a book. The work of the lodge has attracted the attention of scientists in various countries, including Bose in India.

The first notable aspect of Bose microwave tracking research was that it reduces the waves at the millimeter level (about 5 mm wavelength). He noticed the disadvantages of long waves for researching his properties as light.

In 1893, Nikola Tesla showed the first public radio communication. A year later, at a public protest in November 1894 (or 1895) in Kolkata City Council, Bose has ignited the powder and ranked a distance bell with waves of millimeters range. Lieutenant Governor Sir William Mackenzie witnessed the Bose demonstration at the Kolkata City Council. Bose wrote in a Bengali essay, Adrisya (Invisible Light), "invisible light can easily be through brick walls, buildings, etc." ", so messages can be transmitted through them without transmitting wires." In Russia, Popov has carried out similar experiments. In December 1895, Popov's records show that he was waiting for a distant signal with radio waves.

The first scientific role of Bose, "about the polarization of electric rays through double-broken crystals" was communicated to the Asian Society of Bengal in May of 1895, in a year of the role of the lodge. His second work was communicated to the Royal Society of London by Lord Rayleigh in October 1895. In December 1895, the London-based newspaper The Electrician (Vol. 36) published the role of Bose, "in a new electro-polariscope". At that time, the lodge was invented, used in the English-speaking world for receivers or radio wave detectors. The electrician has easily commented on the Bose Cohererr. (December 1895). English (January 18, 1896) quoted the electrician and commented as follows: "If Professor Bose succeeds perfectly and patent his" cotherer, "in time we will be able to revolutionize the entire system of coastal lighting in the entire navigable world" by A Bengali scientist works alone in our laboratory at the University of the presidency.

Bose planned to "perfect his coherer", but never thought of patenting it.

In May 1897, two years after the Bose public demonstration in Calcutta, Marconi led its wireless signalling on the Salisbury Plain. Bose went to London on a conference tour in 1896 and met Marconi, who conducts wireless experiments for the British post office. In an interview, Bose expressed his interest in commercial telegraphy and suggested that others use his research work. In 1899, Bose announced the development of an iron-mercury iron COHERERR with telephone detector in an article presented in the Royal Society, London.

The demonstration of Bose's remote wireless signaling takes precedence over Marconi. He was the first to use a semi-conductor joint to detect radio waves, and he invented several now common microwave components. In 1954, Pearson and Brattain, Bose gave priority to using a semiconductor crystal as a radio wave detector. Further work on millimeter wavelengths was almost non-existent for almost 50 years. In 1897, Bose described the royal bearer of London his research carried out in Calcutta at wavelengths of millimeters. It has used D's, horn antennas, DK lenses, different polarization, and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz; Most of its original equipment is still available, now at the Bose Institute in Kolkata. A 1.3 mm multi beam receiver, now used in the 12-metre NRAO telescope in Arizona, includes concepts from its original 1897 documents.

Sir Nevill, Nobel Prize in 1977 for his own contributions to solid state electronics, he explained that "JC Bose had at least 60 years before his time" and "in fact, he had expected the existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors."

Plant Research:

Bose's next contribution to science was the physiology of the plant. He transferred a theory for the rise of SAP in the works 1927, his theory contributed to the vital theory of the rise of SAP. According to their theory, the electromechanical pulse of the living cells was responsible for the rise of SAP in plants.

He was skeptical about the time, and yet the most popular theory for the rise of SAP, the stress-cohesion theory of Dixon and Joly, first proposed in 1894. The "CP theory" proposed by canned in 1995 validates this skepticism. Experimentally appeared strangely in living cells at the intersection of Endodermis.

In his research on herbal stimuli, Bose showed with the help of his newly invented crescograph that the plants reacted to various stimuli as if they had nervous system like animals. As a result, he found a parallel between the animal and plant tissues. His experiments showed that plants in pleasant music grow faster and their growth in noise or heavy sound is delayed. This was verified experimentally later. [citation needed]

His greatest contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the electrical character of the implementation of various stimuli (e.g. wounds, chemical agents) in plants that were previously regarded as nature. Chemical. These statements were then experimentally tested by Wilden et al. (Nature, 1992, 360, 62 – 65). He was also the first to examine the action of microwaves in plant tissue and the corresponding changes in the potential of cell membranes. Examines the mechanism of seasonal effects on plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors on herbal stimuli, the effect of temperature, etc. From analyzing the potential variation of cell membranes of plants under different circumstances, it derived the requirement that plants "feel pain, understand affection, etc."

Electrical reaction in metals

JC Bose was the first physicist to study the inorganic matter (metals and certain rocks) in the same way that a biologist began to examine a muscle or nerve. It has subjected metals to different types of stimuli — mechanical, thermal, chemical and electric. He noted that all kinds of stimuli produce an exciting variety in them. And this excitement is sometimes expressed in a visible form of change, and sometimes not; But the disturbance generated by the stimulus is always displayed in an electrical response. He then put plants and animal tissues to different types of stimulation and also found that they also give an electrical response. In the observation that a universal reaction has brought together metals, plants and animals according to a common law, it then conducted an investigation into the changes in the reaction that occur under different conditions. found that all (metals and living tissues) stunned by the cold, poisoned by alcohol, stunned by overwork, amazed by anesthesia, excited by electric currents, stung by bodily blows and killed by poison-everything you Essentially the same phenomena of fatigue and depression, as well as the possibilities of healing and collection, but also of permanent irresponsiveness that are associated with death-all are sensitive or insensitive in the same conditions and in Same way. Research has shown that in all reactions phenomena (including metals, plants and animals) there is no rupture of continuity; That "the vivid answer in all its various changes is only a repetition of the reactions in the inorganic" and that the phenomena of the answer "are determined not by the play of an unknown and arbitrary vitality, but by the Work of the laws who "she knows the change that operates in a just and uniform manner in all organic and inorganic matter."

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher KAHINI, the first great work of Bangla science fiction. Later he added the story in the book of Abyakta as the lumps of Tuphan. It was the first fictionwriter of the Bengali language.