AMRTYA KUMAR SEN UNIT IV

Youth and Education:

Amartya Kumar Sen's education began at St. 's School in Dhaka. He moved quickly to Shantiniketan of Rabindranath Tagore. This is where at a very young age. Amartya Sen decided to be a professor and a researcher. In his early days he studied topics such as Sanskrit, mathematics and physics, but soon opted for "the unusual stimuli of the economy". It has been largely influenced by cultural diversity in the world, as reflected in the Shantiniketan curriculum.
Amartya Sen later studied at the University of the presidency of Calcutta from 1951 to 1953. He has already established his position on the cultural identity of pluralism and absorption. His intellectual horizon was extended with the pedagogical excellence of the University of the presidency, where he studied with great professors. The student community at this school was politically active, but Amartya Sen was not enthusiastic about participating in a political party. But the equality engagement of the left liked him. With this exhibition he participated in the execution of the evening schools for the rural children in neighbouring villages. It has facilitated its political and social expansion.

In 1953 Amartya Sen from Calcutta to Cambridge to study another B.A. course in Pure Economics at Trinity College. After a year of research, he went to the Indian University of Banaas to write his PhD thesis for a competitive price at Trinity College and was elected. They gave him four years of freedom to do what he wanted. During this period he studied philosophy to broaden his perspective. He worked with great philosophers like Ravels, Isaiah Thomas Scan, Robert Dworkin, the Nardo Williams, Derek Parfit and Robert Nozig.

In 1963, Amartya Sen left Cambridge and joined the School of Economics of Delhi as a teacher. He worked with K. N Ray, the director of the Delhi School, and made it a great center for education in the Economic and social sciences in India. During this period he developed the theory of social choice in the dynamic atmosphere of the Delhi School of Economics.

Review for Amartya Kumar Sen for the economy:

At a young age, Amartya Kumar Sen was attracted by the "failed charm of the economy". As a Shantiniketan student, he was strongly influenced by the cultural diversity of the world. The religious association or the community of India and the killing of a poor Muslim, the Amartya of Dhaka, on the part of their rivals, formed the basis of studies in Sen's economy. Amartya Sen has caused incidents such as this to be attributed to closely defined identities, divisions and economic uncertainties. Their reaction to violations of freedom lies in the majority, absorption, fairness and universal tolerance.

To broaden his political vision, Amartya Sen taught, while still teaching in Shantiniketan, rural children in the neighbouring villages in the evening schools. The Famine of Bengal 1943, in which 3 million rural workers were murdered, confirmed their economic and social philosophy. He attended Trinity College in Cambridge and studied at a different bachelor's degree in pure economics. As the economy was closely linked to the philosophical disciplines, he spent four years of philosophy. In 1963 Amartya Sen of the School of Economics of Delhi as a teacher and to work on the theory of social choice.

The theory of social choice in connection with aggregation in economic evaluation and policy making. He developed this theory in his book, Collective choice and social welfare. Later, it moved from the pure theory of social choice to more practical problems. This was essential for the assessment of poverty, inequality, disadvantage, distribution of national incomes, unemployment, violation of personal freedoms and fundamental rights, gender disparities and disadvantages of women. Amartya Sen moved to America in 1985 and began analyzing the implications of the social economy and political philosophy. He said the social economy took care of the assessment of how things are going well for the members of society. If things were not good, there should be justification for it. He had a special interest in the poorest members of society. By combining the tools of economics and philosophy, he has given an ethical dimension to economic studies. In October 1998, the Royal Academy of Sciences of Sweden awarded him the Nobel Prize in economics. He used some of the prize money to manage his trust Pratichi, which is the social and charitable work in India

K. Chandrasekhara Vincenta Raman(C.V RAMAN)

Overview:

Sir K. Chandrasekhara Vincenta Raman (1888-1970), an Indian physicist, is known for his exploration of the molecular dispersion of light. For his discovery of this phenomenon, known as the Raman effect, he received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Raman was born in Trichinopoly (now Tiruchirapalli) by Chandra Shekar and Parvati Amma. Raman was an avid reader since childhood. Three books among the great many books he read as a child had a lasting impression on the young Raman mind. These three books were "Asia Light", "The Elements of Euclid" and "The Sensations of sound". The last of these books was about sound waves. Later, when he grew up and had the opportunity to conduct research at the Association of India for the culture of Science, he decided to study musical instruments. He also published a book on the mechanical theory of musical instruments. So, as the Raman self admitted, humbly later, what he read in his schooling, paves the way for his future interests.
Raman was an early child-he finished his studies when he was eleven years old and joined the University of the presidency at the age of thirteen for graduation. There he could not impress his professors because he was not athletic as his father and seemed too young to be a college student. So, when he went to his first English course, the teacher asked him if he really belonged to the junior-class B.A. But very quickly, Raman proved to all his misinformed teachers by confirming his presence and first standing in his class. Their teachers were so impressed by their brilliance that they were forced to sit Raman for the ICS exams.
The Madras Civil surgeon said Raman physically unable to travel abroad to report the Indian Public Service review. Raman was not disappointed because he was not interested in a career other than scientific research. Raman Forever was grateful to this "great man"-the civil surgeon of Madras! He considered this a blessing in disguise and continued his higher education by choosing his favorite physical subject for his mastery he has most of the liberal attitude of his professors at the University of the presidency and ventured into the search in The bright waves. He reached a great height of fame in his chosen field and became the first pupil of the school to publish an article in the prestigious philosophical journal. It was also the highest rank of the university.
He married Lokasundari in 1907. Shortly thereafter, he was forced to sit in the Indian financial service, because he was unable to investigate his favorite topic due to financial difficulties. He was appointed deputy General accountant in Calcutta. There he met the Association of the Association "-India" for the Culture of Science, which offered laboratory facilities for the research enthusiasts. The day that Raman in the Indian Association for the Culture of science was a historical moment, because he wanted the laboratory of this association, where he and his team led legendary experiments on the light that the world knows today as "Raman effect". When Raman was given the first opportunity to study and experiment within the project, he decided to study musical instruments. He explained the performance of Ektara, a simple musical instrument. Raman also studied the physical nature of musical sounds and the mechanics of various musical instruments. He conducted a scientific study on the functions of the violin and even designed an innovative mechanical violin. He later studied the exploitation of several musical instruments and published numerous documents on the results of the research.
He was appointed professor of physics at the University of Calcutta in 1917 by Ahutosh Mookerjee, vice chancellor and philanthropist. During his journey through the Mediterranean, as he returned from his European journey after attending a conference, Raman discovered that the water molecules could disperse the light and the air molecules. He led him to the discovery of his famous "Raman effect". Raman continued as a professor until 1933 and was named after the head of the Department of Physics at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. 1947 he became director of the Raman Research Institute, also in Bangalore. He became the Knight in 1929 and became president of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934.

Raman effect:

Raman effect, frequency change observed when the light is scattered in a transparent material. This phenomenon was discovered by the Indian physicist Sir K. Chandrasekhara Vincenta Raman in 1928. When monochrome light, like that of a laser, is transmitted through a transparent, liquid or solid gas and is observed with spectroscopy, the spectral line usually generated by the light is connected with lines of the largest length and less Wavelength, called Raman spectrum. These lines are caused by photons that lose by elastic collisions with the molecules of the transparent substance or gain energy. The Raman spectrum of a certain spectral line varies depending on the type of material that diffuses the light. The Raman effect is in the chemical analysis spectrographs and in the determination of the structure of the molecules of practical importance.

Raman Research Institute:

Institute of Raman Research, institution of higher education in the city of Bangalore. The institute was founded in 1948 by K. Chandrasekhara Ventaka Raman and until 1970 was executed by his personal means. After his death, the Institute was restructured and is now mainly funded by the Department of Science and Technology of the Indian government.

The Institute has active programmes for cooperation with several research institutes and universities at national and international level. The Institute's Library has a volume of 18 850 volumes and 22 000 periodicals. The most important scientific interests of Raman in optics, spectroscopy and vision are reflected in the main research areas of the Institute, including Astronomy and astrophysics, abbreviated matter, optics and physics. Theoretical.

Health Impacts of Climate Change

                               The Health Threats of Climate Change

Health Impacts of Climate Change:
Changes in the greenhouse gas concentrations and other drivers alter the global climate and bring about myriad human health consequences. Environmental consequences of climate change are such as extreme heat waves, rising sea-levels, changes in precipitation resulting in flooding and droughts, intense hurricanes, and degraded air quality, affect directly and indirectly the physical, social, and psychological health of humans.  For instance, changes in precipitation are creating changes in the availability and quantity of water, as well as resulting in extreme weather events such as intense hurricanes and flooding.  Climate change can be a driver of disease migration, as well as exacerbate health effects resulting from the release of toxic air pollutants in vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and those with asthma or cardiovascular disease.
Certain adverse health effects can be minimized or avoided with sound mitigation and adaptation strategies. Strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change can prevent illness and death in people now, while also protecting the environment and health of future generations.  Mitigation refers to actions being taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance the sinks that trap or remove carbon from the atmosphere. Adaptation refers to actions being taken to lessen the impact on health and the environment due to changes that cannot be prevented through mitigation. Appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies will positively affect both climate change and the environment, and thereby positively affect human health. Some adaptation activities will directly improve human health through changes in our public health and health care infrastructure.
Health Impacts
Climate change is expected to affect air quality through several pathways, including production and allergenicity of allergens and increase regional concentrations of ozone, fine particles, and dust. Some of these pollutants can directly cause respiratory disease or exacerbate existing conditions in susceptible populations, such as children or the elderly. Some of the impacts that climate change can have on air quality include:
·         Increase ground level ozone and fine particle concentrations, which can trigger a variety of reactions including chest pains, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion, as well as reduce lung function and cause inflammation of the lungs
·         Increase carbon dioxide concentrations and temperatures, thereby affecting the timing of aeroallergen distribution and amplifying the allergenicity of pollen and mold spores
·         Increase the frequency of droughts, leading to increased dust and particulate matter
Adaptation and Mitigation
·         Mitigating short-lived contamination species that both air pollutants and green house gases, such as ozone or black carbon. Examples include urban tree covers or rooftop gardens in urban settings
·         Decreasing the use of vehicle miles traveled to reduce ozone precursors
·         Utilizing alternative transportation options, such as walking or biking, which have the co-benefit of reducing emissions while increasing cardiovascular fitness and contributing to weight loss.  However, these activities also have the potential to increase exposure to harmful outdoor air pollutants, particularly in urban areas.
Heat-Related Morbidity and Mortality
Prolonged exposure to extreme heat can cause heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat stroke, and death, as well as exacerbate preexisting chronic conditions, such as various respiratory, cerebral, and cardiovascular diseases.  These serious health consequences usually affect more vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and those with existing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.  Socioeconomic factors, such as economically disadvantaged and socially isolated individuals, are also at risk from heat-related burdens.  As global temperatures rise and extreme heat events increase in frequency due to climate change we can expect to see more heat-related illnesses and mortality.  Public health systems need to be prepared for extreme events and responses will demand a concerted effort among the public health community, the medical establishment, emergency responses teams, the housing authority, and law enforcement in order to quickly identify and serve the populations vulnerable to extreme heat events.

Health Impacts
·         Increased temperatures and increase in extreme heat events cause heat exhausting, heat stroke, and death, especially in vulnerable populations.
·         High concentrations of buildings in urban areas cause urban heat island effect, generation and absorbing heat, making the urban center several degrees warmer than surrounding areas.
Mitigation and Adaptation
·         Heat early warning systems and proactive heat wave response plans
·         Increased air conditioning use
·         Decreased time spent outdoors during extreme heat events
·         Increased use of sun-shielding clothing

Vector borne Diseases
Vector borne diseases are infectious diseases whose transmission involves animal hosts or vectors.  Vector borne diseases, such as malaria, are those in which an organism, typically insects, ticks, or mites, carry a pathogen from one host to another, generally with increased harmfulness (virulence) of the pathogen in the vector. Vector borne diseases that are found in warmer climates and vulnerable due to global trade and travel.
Health Impacts
·         Changes in temperature and precipitation directly affect Vector borne diseases through pathogen-host interaction, and indirectly through ecosystem changes and species composition.
·         As temperatures increases vectors can spread into new areas that were previously too cold. For example, two mosquito vectors that carry malaria are now found at the U.S.-Mexico border.

Mitigation and Adaptation
·         Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to influence local ecological environment, thereby altering the life cycles of certain disease vectors and animals
·         Preserving forests and wetlands to affect ecology and transmission cycles
·         Developing and implementing early warning systems to reduce exposure to environmental hazards and limit susceptibility in exposed populations